Most airlines naturally want to limit their liability for any losses or inconveniences you encounter as a result of delays and cancellations.
In some cases we think their terms and conditions wouldn't hold up if challenged. So if you think you have a valid case against an airline, don't necessarily take no for an answer.
On this page:
- Delay or cancellation
- Compensation
- Fares and reservations
- Overbooking
- Baggage
- Seating
- Your health
- How to complain
Delay or cancellation
Airlines don't usually guarantee their timetables. They reserve the right to substitute alternative airlines or aircraft and alter or omit stopping places shown on your ticket. They won't necessarily take responsibility if you fail to make a connecting flight as a result.
If your flight is delayed or cancelled, some airlines may provide you with a credit for future travel.
If you're prevented from travelling due to unexpected circumstances, some airlines will provide you with a credit for future travel (possibly after deducting a fee). It's all a question of whether the delay or cancellation was due to something within the airline's control.
Compensation
Payments for accommodation, transport, meals and phone calls if your flight is delayed or cancelled are at the discretion of the airline in Australia but it's always worth asking for any assistance you need. Australia's compensation regime is a bit hit and miss compared to those of places like the European Union, New Zealand and Indonesia, all of which have specific payback protocols in place.
If you are out of pocket because of flight delays or cancellations in Australia, keep your receipts but try to keep your expenditure as low as possible – you may never get the money back. Airlines will often address claims for reimbursements on a case by case basis.
If you abandon your flight plans and use alternative means of transport, you will most likely forego any refund of your original booking.
Fares and reservations
Discount fares may give you less flexibility than full fares as they can come with restrictions on cancelling or changing a booking. Full fares may allow you to request a booking change to a limited extent or you may have to pay extra. Some airlines have very strict refund policies.
Overbooking
Overbooking is a common practice in some countries. Even if you have a reservation and check in on time, there may be more passengers than there are available seats.
On both domestic and international flights, passengers are asked to volunteer to change their flights if overbooking occurs. If no-one volunteers, the airline will re-allocate some bookings. If you're affected, you may be entitled to compensation for the inconvenience.
There's an agreed industry rate for compensation in Australia. For international flights, most countries have 'denied boarding compensation regulations'. Check with your airline whether compensation is available in the countries you're travelling to/from.
Baggage
If your baggage is lost or damaged on an international flight, compensation is governed by the relevant international convention.
You'll need to make a written claim for lost or damaged baggage within fairly short time limits. Report the loss or damage before you leave the airport. If the baggage doesn't turn up very soon, follow that up with a letter, usually within seven days. The time limit can be as little as three days to report lost or damaged cabin baggage and up to 21 days if everything goes missing. If you miss these deadlines you lose any right to claim.
Regardless of which conventions or laws apply to your journey, if your baggage is worth more than the airline is liable to compensate you, declare this when you check in. Some airlines will offer you additional insurance for an extra fee. Otherwise, make sure your travel insurance policy's baggage limits are high enough to cover what you're taking with you.
Seating
Most airlines say they can't guarantee any seat and reserve the right to change seating, even after you've boarded the plane. In such circumstances you'll either have to accept any seat allocated, even if this means a downgrade, or wait until the next flight on which a seat is available in the class of service paid for.
If your seating is downgraded, we think you should be entitled to at least a partial refund for the difference between the class you booked and the seat you're given.
Most airlines reserve the rights to change your seat, even if that means a downgrade from business to economy.
Your health
The onus is on the passenger to disclose, when you make your booking, any illness or other condition that may make it unsafe for you to travel. An airline may refuse to carry you if it's not completely satisfied that it's safe for you to fly. If you have a pre-existing physical condition, most airlines won't accept responsibility for any illness, injury, disability or death caused by that pre-existing condition.
If you become ill during a flight, cabin crew are qualified to administer first aid and resuscitation. The decision to continue to your scheduled destination or divert the flight will be at the discretion of the crew and will depend on the seriousness of your condition.
Death or personal injury
The liability of domestic airlines for the death of, or personal injury to a passenger is limited to $925,000.
If your journey involves an ultimate destination or stop in a country other than the country of departure, compensation will be governed by international conventions.
Travel or life insurance can provide protection in addition to the limits set by domestic laws or international conventions.
Cabin service
If your clothing is damaged (for example, if an attendant spills wine or food) report the matter to the cabin crew immediately. You should, at the very least, have your laundry or dry cleaning bill paid.
If you think the food or cabin service is unsatisfactory, make a written complaint to the airline as soon as possible after your journey.
Special meals and seating needs
These should be arranged when you make your booking. Make arrangements in advance if you expect an airline to carry unaccompanied children or someone who is incapacitated or ill.
Carriage of people with such special requirements is usually "at the discretion" of the airline. For example, Jetstar won't allow children requiring supervision to fly unaccompanied, whereas many other airlines do accommodate children aged over five or six travelling alone.
You may not be the airline's first priority when it comes to rebooking your flight.
The pecking order
In the event of a delay, missed connection or cancellation, airlines most often look after passengers in the following order:
- special-needs customers such as disabled flyers or unaccompanied children
- elite passengers with frequent flyer miles to show they travel with the airline regularly
- first-class passengers
- business-class passengers
- full-fare economy-class passengers
- other frequent flyers
- passengers holding discount tickets who aren't frequent flyers.
Even if you fall towards the bottom of the list, it's still worth asking for the airline's help.
Travel insurance – how much protection does it give me?
Travel insurance cover will depend on your individual policy, but often natural disasters and other unexpected catastrophes are covered. Check with your insurer for specific details and cover limits.
How to complain
Regardless of what an airline says it will or won't do in its terms and conditions, you have rights under the Competition and Consumer Act and state fair trading laws if an airline doesn't deliver the service you'd reasonably expect.
If an airline doesn't take reasonable steps to help you when your flights are delayed or cancelled, don't put up with it. Complain to the airline in writing. Also consider complaining on the airline's social media channels, like Twitter, Facebook and Instagram. People often find they get a quicker or more reasonable response this way than emailing the airline.
If you don't get a reasonable response, go to your state department of consumer affairs or fair trading and lodge a formal complaint. Our small claims courts and tribunals are designed to give consumers an inexpensive means of exercising their rights when they're treated unfairly. We urge you to exercise yours.
Airline Consumer Advocate
You can (and should) also lodge a complaint with the Airline Consumer Advocate (ACA), an industry-funded body that was set up in 2012 to facilitate "the resolution of unresolved complaints about airline services".
Qantas, Virgin Australia, Jetstar, Tiger and REX airlines all take part in the scheme, which handles complaints about flight delays or cancellations, fees, airport and in-flight customer service, refund requests, baggage services, frequent flyer programs, and other issues.
The ACA doesn't have a great track record for resolving consumer complaints, and its resources and powers are limited. But it's certainly worth a shot.
Note: While we'd like to think you'd get some help from the Airline Customer Advocate, we gave it a 2021 Shonky Award for leaving travellers stranded when they needed it most.
Which convention?
The liability of domestic airlines is determined by the Civil Aviation (Carriers' Liability) Act 1959 and the applicable state and territory fair trading laws. The Montreal Convention also applies to international flights, and it sets out international provisions for damages. However, many airlines provide amounts above those set out in these provisions.
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Stock images: Getty, unless otherwise stated.
