Full auto models move the tonearm to the start of record and return it to the holder when each side finishes. Auto stop models stop the record spinning when a side finishes but don't move the tonearm for you. Manual models require you to place and return the arm yourself and don't automatically stop at the end of each side.

Direct drive turntables can guarantee rotational speed accuracy, but some people prefer belt drive, arguing that it isolates motor noise from the platter.

We recommend turntables with an overall score of 75% and above.

This overall score is made up of the listening score (60%), technical score (25%) and ease of use score (15%). The Bluetooth listening assessment doesn't contribute to this as it's a recent addition to the test and Bluetooth isn't available on all models.

Our listening panel asesses the overall quality of a series of rock, pop and classical tracks, with the speakers plugged in via a wired connection, positioned about two metres away from the listeners.

Our tester assesses the initial setup of the turntable out of the box, including attaching the platter, belt, and any adjustments that are needed before operation. He also looks at the thoroughness of the instruction manual. Operational aspects assessed include speed selection and cueing a track.

Our tester assess the difference between the claimed and measured figures for tracking force, rotational speed and frequency response using calibrated reference LPs.

Bluetooth turntables are connected to the same test hi-fi system and speakers that we use for the wired listening panel, via a high-end Bluetooth receiver. Then our panelists listen to one of the tracks used in the wired assessment to compare the wireless audio quality. These results don't contribute to the CHOICE Expert rating.

Shop Ethical rates the environmental and social impact of the company (not the product) using independent sources. This rating is not included in our total score. N/A means there is no rating for that company.

'Tested model' refers to turntables that are currently available in shops and online, while 'Discontinued model' refers to turntables that are no longer available in shops, but may be available second-hand.

Recommended retail pricing is used, where possible. Shop around to find more competitive pricing from retailers.

Almost all consumer turntables come with a cartridge. Some let you swap it out which can improve sound quality.

Moving magnet (MM) cartridges are the standard type in consumer grade turntables, though some very cheap models use inferior ceramic cartridges. Audiophiles may lean towards movie coil (MC) technology but these cartridges tend to only be available as an expensive, optional purchase.

Recommended tracking force (gf) is, broadly speaking, the suggested force that is applied to the record based on the weights at the end of the tonearm.

The more feet it has, the more stable the turntable is, but some would argue that more feet means more chances of vibration influencing the turntable.

Heavier, more robust materials can be better at maintaining a constant playing speed (to reduce wow and flutter) and dampening unwanted noise, and are less susceptible to physical distortion over time.

Usually either felt or rubber, materials which won't create static, or scratch the other side of your records.

Some models have a lever or push button selection to alter the speed of the platter from 33 1/3rpm to 45rpm but other models require you to take the platter off and change the belt (shown as belt shift in the table) from one pulley to another which can be a hassle.

These are the models that work with each turntable, which is helpful to know when it comes to replacing.

Diamond lasts longer than sapphire or steel (as in old 78rpm phonograph needles); ruby is just a red colour of sapphire.

Conical styli are affordable, all-round models whereas elliptical styli can deliver a more precise sound due to the design but typically cost more.

An AC synchronous motor uses the accuracy of the 50Hz mains power supply (or a supplied ELV power converter) to control the speed accuracy of the turntable, while a DC motor may be quieter.

Models with a built-in pre-amp can connect to any receiver via line-on, or directly into many speakers. Models without a pre-amp need to go via an external one or into a receivers phono port where available. Some models with a pre-amp give you the option to turn it on or off, depending on your needs. External pre-amps can deliver better sound quality.

Bluetooth input only. Gives you the option to stream audio from Bluetooth enabled devices such as smartphones, tablets and laptops.

Gives you the option to wirelessly connect the turntable to a Bluetooth speaker or receiver.

The weight at which the stylus sits on the record. Cartridges manufacturers provide a recommended tracking force and turntables that include a cartridge are usually set accordingly. You may not be able to swap the cartridge if the turntable doesn't have tracking force adjustment.

Counteracts centrifugal force to centre the stylus and stop it from pushing towards the side of the groove. Stereo audio can sound unbalanced or distorted in one speaker, and it may also damage your records, if improperly set. Cartridges manufacturers provide anti-skate suggestions and turntables that include a cartridge are usually set accordingly. You may not be able to swap the cartridge if the turntable doesn't have anti-skate adjustment.

This holds the tone arm in position when you're not using the turntable. It's important when you're moving it to another location.

This mechanically slows the lowering of the tonearm so it gently moves onto the record.

This feature allows you to make slight adjustments in the speed.

Some 45rpm singles have a very large spindle (hole) that requires an adapter to use on home turntables.

While some of the turntables have this feature, others automatically turn on/off as you lift/return the tonearm. A few high-end turntables can only be turned on or off from the main power.

Fully automatic models will lift the tone arm when the user selects the on/off switch or button while models that are not fully automatic will simply have the platter stop.

Some enthusiasts believe that a turntable sounds better without a lid.

Built-in support to play old, 78rpm shellac records. Note that this requires a special stylus (usually sold separately) as the material is not the same as standard vinyl.